Insulin - The hormone secret of the processor plays an important role, ensuring the constant blood sugar. Diabetes is the result of this hormone deficiency. Complications caused by this disease often lead to death. The basic principles of diabetes treatment are to strictly adhere to your diet, take medication or insulin injections, track blood sugar levels, and observe your body so that you don’t miss the first sign of complications.
Pathogenesis of the disease
Diabetes is a persistent invasion of the synthesis of insulin hormones and its interaction with tissues in the body.
Insulin processes the received sugar into glucose and passes it through the cell membrane. Therefore, hormones lower the level of blood sugar and provide nutrients to the cells. The fact that insulin deficiency and impaired tissue sensitivity leads to glucose not participating in metabolism and continues to circulate through the body. The biology of carbohydrate metabolism is not only lost, but also fat, protein, water and salt.
The rise of sugar increases the amount of lipid fractions in the blood, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. The conversion of glucose to glycogen slows down, and the body begins to use fat as a resource. Fatty acids break down, and ketone bodies appear to damage the central nervous system.
Cause and current
Insulin production is disturbed by damage to synthetic beta cells. The main risk factor for diabetes is heredity, which greatly enhances the impact of other factors. The possibility of getting sick increases with age. Causes of diabetes:
- The failure of the immune system. Use the pancreas that have protective proteins to stimulate cell attack.
- obesity. Due to excessive fat tissue (diabetes type), the receptor's response to hormones is reduced.
- Pancreatic disease. Cell death called secreted hormones (pancreatitis, cancer).
- Viral infection (varicella, rubella, pathogens of influenza).
- Nervous tension.
The disease exists in independent pathology and temporary symptoms. The cause of diabetes may be the consequence of the error of the endocrine organs (hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma). Excessive symptoms of glucose detected during pregnancy, including the use of IVF, are called gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs as a side effect of long-term use of certain drugs (glucocorticoids, estrogens, psychotropic drugs).
Hyperglycemia only emits diabetes in the presence of insulin errors, which is a symptom of sugar disease.
Diabetes pathology type
Diabetes is an invasion of carbohydrates and water metabolism in the body.
Who determines the classification of two major types of diseases: insulin-dependent (Type I) and the opposite form - insulin-dependent diabetes (Type II). They have their own therapeutic characteristics in terms of the appearance and details of the pathogenesis (the nature of the course), but the consequences are also dangerous.
- Insulin-dependent (juvenile) diabetes is caused by the body's autoimmune invasion. The affected endocrine beta cells are unable to produce insulin in the necessary dose and require continuous external administration. People under 30 are thin. The disease begins suddenly, develops rapidly and has a serious process.
- Insulin dependence. The causes of this type of diabetes are genetics and obesity. Insulin can be produced in sufficient amounts, but the cells are not sensitive to it. This is due to excessive nutrition. Diabetic patients are over 40 years old and have a complete physical constitution. The obtained diabetes gradually develops and progresses steadily. Most patients suffer from this disease.
Severity
The severity of diabetes development is in the degree of diabetes, glucose, and target organ dysfunction, which determines the existence of complications, which indicates the body's ability to compensate. There is a severity of 4 degrees. If diabetes experiences mildly, treatment and nutrition are the right choice. The table describes the degree of diabetes and symptoms.
| degree | Blood sugar, mmol/l | Urine readings | symptom |
|---|---|---|---|
| First (light) | No more than 7 | The protein is normal, glucose does not exist | Absent |
| Second (middle) | 7-10 | Glucose up to 40 g/l; ketosis and ketoacidosis occur regularly | Heart activity, visual equipment, nervous system failure, Angioneropathy's manifestation |
| Third (heavy) | 10-14 | Continuous glucose 40 g/l, lots of proteins, ketone bodies | Increased effects on organs, decreased vision, numbness in the legs, and increased blood pressure |
| Fourth (super base) | 15-25 | More than 50 g/l glucose, intense proteinuria and ketoacidosis | Strong failure of all organs, renal failure, diabetic coma, gangrene, ulcerative focus |
Characteristics and symptoms of diabetes
In most cases, the clinical signs of the disease are characterized by gradual development.
Diabetes in adults may not immediately declare themselves that they will cause the development of complications. Type I diabetes is developing rapidly, with high blood sugar and coma. The intensity of the diabetes symptoms obtained is related to the degree of insulin product deficiency and the patient's physical personality. If one of these symptoms occurs, you need to do a test to determine the level of blood:
- Abnormal sensation of dry mouth;
- Can't desire;
- Enhanced diuretic effect - increased urine volume displayed;
- Rapid weight loss or weight gain;
- itchy and dry skin;
- Reduced sensitivity to the skin on the feet;
- Numbness, tingling legs and arms;
- Twitching, leg severity;
- The skin process of the skin is caused by slow regeneration;
- Low resistance to infection;
- Constant feeling of hunger;
- Ambiguous vision;
- Increased blood pressure;
- Swelling of face and legs;
- Headache, fainting;
- the smell of acetone;
- The darkness of consciousness;
- Pseudo-killing protein (fake "stomach tip").
Consequences of blood sugar
Diabetes is a sinister disease. Excess blood sugar can damage blood vessels, causing damage to the walls. The excess glucose is converted into fat deposits. This leads to obesity and fatty changes (abundance of lipids in lipid cells). Glucose can cause saccharification of membrane proteins. The oxidation process can cause impaired protein function and toxicity. Defective proteins can cause interference in organ structure. The accumulation of toxins and ketones can damage the patient's nervous system until the disease in the mind and coma. Excessive blood cholesterol precipitates on the arterial walls of the damaged area and forms atherosclerosis plaques, leading to vascular disease in the eyes, blood vessels in the legs, and other organs.
The degree of excessive blood sugar levels determines the complexity of the disease process.
Risk of complications
Complex diabetes is accompanied by the risk of the patient's life, so it is important to identify the disease of time and start treatment. The disease has worsened for 10-15 years. They are not easily coped with rapidly progressing complications. Acute complications of primary diabetes (hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia) are caused by sharp fluctuations in blood sugar. List of states that complicate diseases in diabetics:
- Hypoglycemia - A sharp drop in glucose of less than 3 mmol/L can lead to a hypoglycemia coma.
- Hyperglycemia - Raise the sugar indicator to 6 mmol/L to end with a hyperglycemia coma.
- Ketoacidosis - The damage caused by ketone bodies to neurons, causing someone to do.
- Neuropathy - Damage to peripheral nerves.
- Diabetic feet, nutritional ulcers and deadlines in the lower limbs caused by vascular disease and neuropathy.
- Kidney disease - Damage to the small capillaries of the kidney, which destroys the function of the urine system.
- Retinopathy - Sparseness of retinal blood vessel walls.
- Diseases in cardiomyopathy.
- Cerebral Disease - Pathology in cerebrovascular.
diagnosis
Diagnosis of diabetes determines the type, severity, and the presence of internal organ lesions. Studies can be repeated to assess the progression of the disease and the impact of treatment. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes are the characteristics of diabetes and the degree of increase in glucose. To confirm the diagnosis, urine and blood tests, an instrument study was performed:
- Indications for fasting glucose;
- Blood sugar characteristics (daily vibration);
- blood at insulin levels;
- One study on glucose tolerance, the ratio of sugars after fasting and carbohydrate consumption;
- Analyze glycated hemoglobin;
- Biochemical blood;
- General urine analysis to detect glucose and protein;
- Electrolyte blood test;
- indicator of acetone in urine;
- Eye check;
- Rebellion tests for kidney damage;
- Ultrasound of the abdomen;
- A heart chart used to check heart function;
- Capilloscope, the description of the lower limbs determines the degree of defects in the blood vessels.
In healthy people, the blood glucose level is in the range of 3. 3-5. 5 mmol/l.
Treatment of diseases
In the case of suspected diabetes, this diagnosis must be confirmed or refuted.
Diabetes is a chronic pathology that requires lifelong treatment.
Principles of diabetes treatment - sugar control in blood sugar and preventing complications by observing diet and taking medications.
Endocrinologists can treat the disease, and cardiologists, neuropathologists, ophthalmologists, vascular surgeons have been connected.
Modern treatments - medications, diet, physical education - reduce disease progression.
drug
Given the type of disease, the doctor chose the medication. Type 1 diabetes only requires insulin treatment, and sugar can be used to treat type 2 diabetes. The tablet acts on the pancreas, increasing the sensitivity of surrounding tissues. Use of such drugs:
- Sulfonamide.
- Biguanides.
- Insulin preparations have short and long-term effects. Simple insulin is given 3-5 times a day, and a maximum of 2 doses of insulin are given for a long period of time. Perhaps it is the combination of drugs.
Dietary Diabetes
Treatment of diabetes certainly includes diet, diet with calorie content options, excluding easy-to-digest carbohydrates, candy. Diabetes requires fractional power. Meanwhile, the nutrient ratio is still close to physiology. Sugar is replaced by xylitol or sorbitol. In the intermediate and severe forms of the disease, the 9th diet is recommended. It can eat vegetable soup, low-fat types of fish and meat, yogurt products and cheese, cereals (buckwheat, barley oatmeal), fruit, sweet and sour berries. You will never eat Sdoba, candy, fatty vegetables, rice noodles, pasta, grapes, salty, pickled vegetables.
prevention
The occurrence of type 1 disease is not always affected because it causes viral pathogens. The cause of developing type 2 diabetes is considered an unhealthy lifestyle, especially among people with genetic prerequisites. If sugar disease is diagnosed, take precautions: Appropriate nutrition in a small amount of nutrients that are minimally digestible carbohydrates and fats to maintain optimal weight. Hypertension can also be performed by controlling the number of blood pressure. You need to donate blood regularly to the amount of glucose and lipid blood. Moderate physical exercise will help keep your body in shape.